Affirmative Action Case Study

In the Washington office of Price Waterholes. Issues The organization governmental policy regarding minorities in society office has firmly prompted him to recruit a youthful person of color, June Tries. Mr.. Green trusts Bob Young, a youthful white male, Is better equipped for the Job. 47 different plants have a youthful white male for this position. There are not many minorities working for this organization. Correlation Chart on Mr.. Green's Evaluation June Tries face cloth youthful Masters in modern relations from Cornell Degree in History little school. Ears of school as work force significant 3 Years experience as right hand faculty chief 5 Years experience as colleague staff director No association experience* Union experience* Mediocre References Good References Poor character Good character Ambitious †needs to advance inside the organization Not forceful †far fetched that he will advance inside the organization Members of the executives didn't appear to like her** Members of the board appeared to like him** Advertisement didn't state association experience was essential ** †All Philadelphia individuals from the board are white guys Why I Would Hire June TriesJune meets the base capabilities expressed In the ad. The organization governmental policy regarding minorities in society office firmly exhorted him to recruit her. She Is something that the organization doesn't as of now have. She can carry new things to the table. She Is driven and needs to go father In the organization. She Is objective arranged and Is headed to succeed. She Is obstinate, and appears to defend herself dependent on the way that she said she would sue the organization for delimitation If she didn't land the Position. In light of the reputation of current and past work force administrators she could very recess in this company.Based off of their history the organization doesn't fall off well to minorities. I was unable to base the entirety of my choice based off Mr. . Greens obstinate notes. For all I know Mr.. Green Just likes Bob Young as a result of his race and sex. Mr.. Green seems like he previously Judged Mr.. Trier depends on the way that she is a person of color. The main great sentiment he had about her was that she was yearning. Why I Would Not Hire Bob Young He isn't headed to move farther in the organization. He is Just similar to the entirety of different directors, and appears to carry the same old thing to the organization.

Economics of Money and Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial matters of Money and Banking - Essay Example Ventures are an aid for the advancement of any economy. This doesn't infer that the business banks would charge negative financing costs to the speculators so as to help up venture limits in the nation. The financial foundations may offer advances at zero loan costs. Zero loan fee strategy under taken by the national bank of a nation is where they charge a low ostensible pace of premium (Woodford, 2001). This is related with invigorating the economy, when the pace of monetary improvement is low in a country. Financing costs can never be negative, a negative financing cost charged on advances is a speculative state where the bank would offer concessions on credits charged to the speculators or borrowers. This won't just include loss of gross save in a bank yet in addition lead to non potential interests in the economy. The business banks will land up offering credits on unsafe and unviable ventures and subsequently might be compelled to offer verifiable bail outs to many bombed extend s in the economy. This would make the general venture advertise unsure in the economy. In this manner, financing cost charged on advances can never be negative. The Taylors rule is a model utilized for deciding the loan fees in the economy; it was presented by John Taylor in 1992. This standard clarified the diverse loan costs that the Federal Reserve would presumably set in future in United States, in light of the hypothesis of levelheaded desires in macroeconomics. Taylor confined his model accepting that all the financial elements in the market will consistently have inspirational assumptions regarding the future economy. The Taylors model can't consider the drawn out possibilities of an economy (Asso, Kahn and Leeson, 2010). As taken in this paper, the Taylors recipe is: r=p+0.75(5.5%-u) + 0.5(p-2) + 2. Where r = Federal supports rate. u= Unemployment rate. p= Rate of expansion. Fig 1: Federal Fund Interest Rates by Taylors Rule Years Federal Fund Rate  ® 01/03/10 - 1.24 01/06 /10 - 1.48 01/09/10 - 1.48 01/12/10 - 1.40 01/03/11 0.02 01/06/11 - 1.25 01/09/11 - 1.18 01/12/11 - 0.80 01/03/12 0.19 01/06/12 - 0.58 01/09/12 - 0.28 01/12/12 - 0.28 (Source: STLOUISFED, 2013a; STLOUISFED, 2013b) The table above shows the distinctive quarterly paces of intrigue, the Federal Reserve could set in 2010, 2011 and 2012 as indicated by the Taylors Rule. â€Å"Yes†, following the above timetable it tends to be presumed that the Taylors rule recommended keeping the government subsidizes rate negative in the ongoing years. This is on the grounds that the economy is confronting recessionary path in the market over the most recent couple of years. A negative loan fee would propose the Federal Reserve to set expansionary fiscal strategies and expand the speed of course of cash in the U.S. economy. Assignment 2 In typical economic situations, Taylors decide proposed that the government supports rate must be to such an extent that the swelling and genuine loan costs in th e economy would be 2% and the pace of joblessness normally existing in the economy would be 6%. Anyway considering the present recessionary path in the market the Taylors decide have recommended that the government finances rate must be negative to incite financial facilitating in the emergency economy of U.S. The Taylors rule has become a significant vital help for the majority of the approaches surrounded by the government bank. Notwithstanding, the investigation about various monetary results made by the Federal Bank is a lot further than the other national banks in the globe. Taylors decide saw that the U.S. economy was in an emergency in the ongoing years, it was alluring for the U.S. national bank to just receive

Democrats vs. Republicans Essay

Each American resident has the option to cast a ballot. In the United States, you get the opportunity to pick the following president and its congressional gathering. On Guam, you vote in favor of the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, and the congresspersons. Most youthful grown-ups don't generally have a clue about the distinction of ideological groups or care to know the contrast between who will be who. Numerous individuals despite everything don't generally really comprehend the distinction of being a republican or democrat. It is substantially more than the distinction between the Democrat jackass logo and the Republican elephant logo. The greatest differentiation of the two gatherings is that Republicans are known as preservationists and the Democrats are known as the dissidents (Democrat versus Republican). All however they have a few perspectives and strategies Democrats and Republicans both concede to, there are numerous distinctions that separate the two ideological groups , for example, charges, government spending, social projects and issues. Abolitionist bondage extension activists and modernizers established the Republican Party in 1854 (Diamond and Gunther, 5). It rose to noticeable quality with the appointment of Abraham Lincoln, the main Republican president. The gathering managed the American Civil War and Reconstruction and was harried by inward groups and embarrassments towards the finish of the nineteenth century (Diamond and Gunther, 5). Today, the Republican Party underpins a genius business stage, with further establishments in financial libertarianism and a brand of social conservatism progressively dependent on the perspectives of the Religious Right (â€Å"Our Party†). Since the division of the Republican Party in the appointment of 1912, the Democratic Party has reliably situated itself to one side of the Republican Party in financial just as social issues (Han and Han, 32). The financially left-inclining lobbyist theory of Franklin D. Roosevelt, which has emphatically affected American progressivism, has formed a great part of the party’s financial motivation since 1932 (Han and Han, 30). Roosevelt’s New Deal alliance generally controlled the national government until 1964 (Han and Han, 30). Republicans accept that every individual is answerable for their own place in the public eye (â€Å"Republican National Committee| GOP†). Government should empower every individual the capacity to make sure about the advantages of society for themselves, their families and for the individuals who can't like themselves. The Republican way of thinking depends on constraining the mediation of government as an impetus of individual success (â€Å"Democrats versus Republicans†). Government should just intercede in explicit situations where society can't adequately act at the individual level. With the center conviction that singular fate ought to be in the individual’s hands, legislative force and assets ought to be held near the individuals, through their state and network pioneers, and not unified in far off government organizations (Diamond and Gunther, 7). Democrats trust it is the duty of government to think about all people, regardless of whether it implies surrendering some individual rights or potentially subjecting venture and activity (â€Å"Democrats and Republicans†). Democrat Party organizations have pushed for the centralization of intensity in Washington D.C., with just auxiliary thought for the privileges of the two people and networks. Democrats have supported government level intercessions that supplant network based answers for network issues. These strategies have made a few government guidelines and controls that are regularly in the hands of appointed officials, causing a serious disintegration of nearby power. The main issue where the two gatherings differ is about expenses. The Democrats have three key focuses with regards to charges. They need to cut expenses for each working family, yet not moguls, cut assessments for white collar class, not the well off and cut duties for working families, not the most extravagant 1% (Barton). President Obama and Democrats in Congress cut charges for each working family, placing more cash in the pockets of Americans who need it most (Barton). An ordinary family has spared $3,600 during his first term. Presently he’s battling to stop white collar class families and those trying to join the working class from seeing their expenses go up and to broaden key duty help for working families and those paying for school, while asking the wealthiest and companies to pay a considerable amount (Barton). That is the reason Democrats will in every case energetically contradict the sort of expense change bolstered by Mitt Romney, which free specialists have found would require raising charges on run of the mill families with youngsters by at any rate $2,000 in the event that it were paid for (â€Å"Mitt Romney on Tax Reform†). Simultaneously, Mitt Romney’s plan would cut charges for those creation over $3 million by a normal of $250,000 and would make motivations that will prompt countless occupations going abroad to the detriment of American laborers. Democrats bolster playing hooky Americans (Barton). Today, for most families, the government taxation rate is the least it has been in twenty years (Barton). Republican perspectives on charges incorporate the conviction that charge decrease is significant, however should be done the correct way (â€Å"Republican National Committee | GOP†). The gathering accepts that spending plan surpluses have made Americans be overburdened a condition that isn't just undermining their money related success, but at the same time is obstructing, and perhaps in any event, turning around, development to the country’s economy (â€Å"Democrats versus Republican†). They additionally need to restrain the top negligible rate, trusting it rebuffs the individuals who have tried sincerely and contributed well. Republicans likewise wish to make the Research and Development charge credit lasting (Barton). These three duty changes joined, Republicans accept, will empower and advance business enterprise (â€Å"Republican National Committee†). They likewise have faith in empowering sparing and speculations by actualizing an assessment credit for ventures. Be that as it may, regardless of their help for bringing down expenses, Republicans do accept that tax breaks or assessment motivators with no adjusting spending slices are hindering to the economy (Barton). Another distinction in ideological groups is the manner in which the two gatherings feel the legislature ought to go through cash. Republicans accept government should burden just to fund-raise for its basic capacities (Diamond and Gunther, 23). That is, Republicans accept government ought to go through cash just to implement contracts, keep up fundamental foundation and national security, and ensure residents against lawbreakers (â€Å"Republican National Committee | GOP†). The writing of the House Republican Conference proceeds to light up the job of the administration and how charge approaches influence people: The cash the legislature spends doesn't have a place with the administration; it has a place with the citizens who earned it (Democrats versus Republicans). Republicans trust Americans have the right to keep their very own greater amount cash to spare and contribute for the future, and low assessment arrangements help drive a solid and sound economy (â€Å"Republican National Committee | GOP†). Duty alleviation is the Republican course to developing the economy (Barton). A Republican government would lessen charges for organizations to permit organizations to develop and in this way recruit more representatives (Barton). Republicans additionally look to confine personal assessments for people with the goal that individuals can clutch progressively extra cash, which they would then be able to spend, spare or contribute (Barton). Like the Republicans, Democrats accept the administration ought to finance crucial administrations that keep urban communities, states and the nation running: framework, for example, street and extension support and fixes for schools (Barton). Democrats likewise call for tax breaks for the working class. Be that as it may, who benefits most under every stage? The customary way of thinking is that partnerships and the well off will profit more with a Republican assessment arrangement while private ventures and white collar class families will profit by a Democratic duty approach (â€Å"Our Party†). The following subject is about social issues, for example, premature birth and same-sex relationships. Democrats are for the most part for fetus removal (Our Party). The gathering firmly and unequivocally underpins Roe v. Swim and the interest in undifferentiated organism and other clinical research. They need to seek after undeveloped undifferentiated organism look into. Democrats bolster option to pick regardless of whether mother can't pay. They emphatically accept that decision is a central and protected right. Democrats bolster the privilege of all families to have equivalent regard, duties, and securities under the law. The gathering underpins marriage balance and bolster the development to make sure about equivalent treatment under law for same-sex couples. They likewise bolster the opportunity of places of worship and religiousâ entities to conclude how to manage marriage as a strict ceremony without government impedance. The Democratic Party restricts biased government and state established alterations and different endeavors to preclude equivalent security from claiming the laws to submitted same-sex couples who look for indistinguishable regard and obligations from other wedded couples. Republicans bolster the human life correction. They emphatically contradict premature birth financing. Republicans advance appropriation and restraint, not premature birth facility referrals. They boycott fetus removal with Constitutional change and recommend options like reception, rather than reformatory activity. The Republican Party stage is clear. Republicans accept marriage is the lawful association of one man and one lady (â€Å"Republican National Committee | GOP†). Americans need to see changes in our expense code, changes in our schools, and changes in our social insurance framework, yet there is no open commotion to change the meaning of marriage as being between one man and one lady. Truth be told, surveys reliably show that 2 out of each 3 Americans restrict perceiving same-sex marriage. Both ideological groups have various assessments. It is dependent upon the voter to decid

Essay Samples on Apps - Tips for Writing Good Essays Using Essay Samples

Essay Samples on Apps - Tips for Writing Good Essays Using Essay SamplesEssay samples on apps are among the best resources for writing an interesting essay. They can be very useful to guide your work on these online essays. To avoid any mistakes and provide you a new perspective, here are some tips for essay writing:You should be able to write concise and easy-to-understand information. You do not have to spend hours on research just to get information for your essay. In fact, to be more accurate, you should be able to gather information from resources. As you know, you will be able to learn more about your topic and find out if there is much information to help you in your essay writing.Many people make the mistake of rewriting the entire essays or copy pasting the existing ideas. To avoid such errors, you must ensure that you have gathered enough information and analyzed them thoroughly.Spellings are something that you should be careful about. Correctly spell words and phrases befo re you use them in your essay. You should also double check the grammar and vocabulary as you should not miss any mistakes.When you write a persuasive essay, you have to gather all the information you can. Make sure that you give a thorough description of your subject. So many times, students are only able to give a brief description without any data so as to give a clear idea of what the topic is about.You must have a good editor and proof reader when you need some essay samples. They will be able to point out errors and provide you more information for your essays.If you have some ideas, be sure to collect a small sample for free so you can practice on the app. This way, you will be able to see how your sentences look like on the app and how they are structured.

Qualitative Research Method Analysis On Quality Of...

Qualitative research method involves analysis on ‘quality’ of study object. Specifically, it adopts such approaches as induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, as well as abstraction and generalization to process all kinds of materials obtained in order to eliminate all but the essential, discard the false and retain the true and proceed from the exterior to the Interior, thus reveal the essence along with inherent law. Qualitative analysis is majorly about the problem of â€Å"existence† and â€Å"trustworthiness†, which can be divided into three procedures: 1. analysis and synthesis; 2. Comparison; 3. abstraction and generalization. Quantitative research concerns about numerical features, relationship and variation of social phenomena. It plays a part in revealing and describing of their interaction and development trends, collecting first-hand data through participant observation and in depth interview. There has a video which interviewing the Br itons about the immigration problems. It shows that around 74 percent of Britons think one should be born in Britain to be regarded as British. Such method not only shows us the attitude, action and reason of Britons towards immigration, but also assists researchers to apprehend the problem thoroughly. A great defect, however, exposes itself that researchers must be separate from the research completely to avoid bias and misleading of conclusions. Quantitative research applies mathematical language. Qualitative and qualitativeShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Immigration On The United Kingdom1491 Words   |  6 Pagesimmigration, we should use different research approach, as qualitative research, quantitative research and document based research, to be a clear and comprehensive research. This essay will focus on evaluate which research approach is best for studying the attitude of British citizen to people who moved to the United Kingdom. Qualitative research method involves analysis on ‘quality’ of study object. Specifically, it adopts such approaches as induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, as well as abstractionRead MoreOne of the Main Divisions Between Mainstream and Critical Social Psychology Is That of the Methods Adopted. Discuss with Reference to the Cognitive Social and at Least One Other Social Psychological Perspective.1698 Words   |  7 Pagessocial psychology is that of the methods adopted. Discuss with reference to the cognitive social and at least one other social psychological perspective. Social psychology has existed for about 100 years, before which psychology was a branch of philosophy. Social psychology studies individuals in their social contexts. It is a diverse discipline made up of many theoretical perspectives and variety of different methods are used in social psychological research. 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There are three types of reliability referred to in quantitative research, which relate to: (1) the degree to which a measurement, given repeatedly, remains the same (2) the stability of a measurement overRead MoreAnalyzing The Attitudes Of Patients Towards Diabetes Education Essay720 Words   |  3 Pagesone using qualitative and the second using quantitative research approaches. Particularly, it contrasts information gathered because of using the approaches, advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches and a response to the claim that qualitative research is not real science. Schà ¤fer, I., Pawels, M., Kà ¼ver, C., Pohontsch, N. J., Scherer, M., van den Bussche, H., Kaduszkiewicz, H. (2014). Strategies for Improving Participation in Diabetes Education: A Qualitative Study; PLoS ONERead MoreIs Software Engineering A Multi Disciplinary Field?854 Words   |  4 PagesABSTRACT Using qualitative methods and a qualitative analytical framework, it was found that communication and cooperation are the critical factors in developing large-scale software systems. Given the importance of this observation, it is perhaps surprising that research publications using qualitative methods are still scarce. 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Qualitative research deals with descriptions andRead MoreCustomer Service Of Janata Bank Limited Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pageslot in the total economic growth in the country; and this sector has proven itself as a profitable venture with its superior products and customer services. Janata Bank Limited (PBL) is a fast growing private sector bank in Bangladesh. In terms of quality services and value addition to shareholders, janata Bank Limited is already maintaining its position at the top slot. The bank has already proved satisfactory progress in all areas of banking operation and it further expanded and consolidated its

Quantitative And Qualitative Methods Of Research Essay

Quantitative versus qualitative (Lichtman, M. 2006) It is true that most of the management in the business world go for mixed methodologies in order to attain comprehensive and accurate findings of the research. Having said that there are pros and cons of both the methods that are taken into account by the management in order to achieve set goals and overcome hindrances in the business. Qualitative method of research is a speedy process that provides fresh and inventive results with in- depth analysis of the matter of research. Statistical data may enlighten on the percentile of people switching over to other brand but it is only through interaction with the customer base that the reason behind the switch over can be found. Since qualitative method of research requires fewer participants, the findings can be achieved in lesser time as compared to quantitative method. A firsthand experience is an added advantage of this method since it allows the research to observe and then ask relevant question, which in turn save s time. While it is easy to highlight the pros of qualitative method, looking for advantages of quantitative method of analysis is no difficult. Since the advent of modern and sophisticated tools of statistical analysis, tremendous growth in the field of finance and econometrics has been witnessed. One vital distinction of the two is description versus measurements whereby quantitative exploration is commanded by extensive scale empirical surveys while qualitativeShow MoreRelatedQualitative Quantitative Research Methods1047 Words   |  5 PagesQualitative amp; Quantitative Research Methods PSY 326 Dr. Willow Aureala March 29, 2011 Qualitative amp; Quantitative Research Methods There are two types of research methods: qualitative and quantitative. 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Some think those terms can be used interchangeably. Describe the key features (up to 5) that distinguish quantitative research from qualitative research. Provide examples to demonstrate your main points. Firstly, qualitative and quantitative research methods are used for different purposes. Quantitative methods try to explain and make predictions, confirm and validate an existingRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods Essay1850 Words   |  8 Pages3.2 Research Methods â€Å"Quantitative and Qualitative† were the two principal approaches in psychological research currently (Bavelas, 1998). Quantitative research is concerned with applying statistical approaches to test hypotheses. Statistical methods are to consider as the analysis of data, it normally concerned with â€Å"probabilistic model† as a background. (Sibson, 1999), the prominent characteristic of probabilistic model is as the analysis of data was collected, which is considered about â€Å"mean,Read MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods1694 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, I will outline quantitative and qualitative research methods and provide illustrations in the context of some social issues, which will hopefully offer insight into how each method is properly applied. Social issues around the world are very broad and diverse. They are usually made up of issues or concerns which directly or indirectly affect a person or a certain group of a society and are considered to be problems, controversies or both and are related to moral values, thereforeRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods871 Words   |  4 Pagessociology, researchers can use a different range of research methods to acquire new data. The various forms of research methods include surveys, ethnomethodology, experiments and documentary research. A common distinction is often made in sociology between quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative methods intend to measure social phenomena by using mathematical methods and statistical analysis. On the other hand, qualitative methods mean to collect rich, detailed data, allowing forRead Morequalitative and quantitative research methods1823 Words   |  8 PagesPsychological Research Methods: Exploring Qualitati ve and Quantitative Research In psychology, answers to our questions are not as succinct as in other types of sciences, and the findings essentially depend upon the underlying epistemology used. This essay seeks to define and examine the fields of qualitative and quantitative research. 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After addressing the sample size and exclusions, the second section of Part I examines the strengths and shortcomings of the qualitative research methods, including the interviews and the on-site observations of fresh evidence matters. Finally, I hope to demonstrate why it was necessary to turn to the source of the case law to mine the raw data to sustain my working hypotheses.

Operation Analysis of Toyota

Question: Discuss about the Operation Analysis of Toyota. Answer: Introduction Toyota was established in the year 1937 in Japan. It is the largest and the most profitable automobile manufacturer in the world. As far as Japan is concerned, Toyota is the largest company listed there, when it comes to the World, it is the 14th largest company. It has its operations in 27 different countries, producing around 70 different kinds of vehicle models, and the credit to its strong position goes to the practices the company is following since 1940. Since the foundation of the company, it has been consistently using its guiding principles to produce reliable vehicles and sustainable development of society by providing quality products. Competitive Priorities of Toyota The sales figure of Toyota is showing commendable growth, even when other automobile companies are striving to regain their market share lost due to the dynamics of market. In order to achieve the dominance in market, an organization needs to follow very strong and distinctive strategies. Toyotas way of production is a well discussed and researched topic throughout the world. Toyota is able to stand out the competition because it followed following world class competitive operation strategies: 1. Toyota Production System. 2. Excellent technology and quality. 3. Re-engineering. 4. Innovative products. 5. Generic Strategies. 6. Employee Satisfaction. Toyota Production System or T.P.S, as it is known worldwide, is a combination of following crucial essential elements: Lean Manufacturing: It is aimed at reducing the unproductive efforts or waste in all the areas of production process. These results in consuming minimum human efforts, reducing the lead time, being highly responsive the requirements and producing high quality products for customer. Following are the basis of lean manufacturing; Zero waiting period; Nil Inventory; Scheduling- Pull system for internal customer; Reducing lead time; Minimizing the actual process time; Multiplying inventory turns. Just-In-Time (JIT): Toyota is following this manufacturing philosophy since 1970. This practice is based on the principle produce only what is needed, how much is needed and when is needed. Any divergence from the specified production needs is referred as waste. JIT brings down the work-in-progress inventory to a great extent. It is basically a waste reduction methodology based on the principles of Kanban and Heijunka. Kanban- It is a card system for scheduling and controlling the logistics involved in the production function, and the inventory management. Heijunka: It is the system of breaking down the complex and large processes into simpler ones. Evenly distributing and balancing the task so that none of the machine is overloaded with work, neither a machine remains idle. 1. Kaizen: Toyota believes in continuous improvement of its offerings and is a vital element in the Toyota Production System. It describes the concept of proactively improving the manufacturing process, reduction in the waste during manufacturing process, increasing level of employee involvement, and enhancing customer satisfaction. 2. Jikoda: It is a quality control process by which the machine stops working whenever it detects a deviation from the specified procedure, the employee detects the problem, fixes it, and installs a counter measure. Jikoda is also termed as Automation with a human touch. 3. Andon: A notification method comprise of a visual signal, audio alarms, display boards installed at the workstations to notify the co-workers of a quality or a process defect. Whenever an employee detects a defect in the process, he pulls the Andon cord which turns on a flash light and a sound alarm. The number of the workstation is displayed at the Andon board at which the problem is encountered. The notification is stopped after the problem is resolved. 4. Pull System: In a pull system, the worker at the assembly line knows exactly what activity needs to be done next. He uses his intellect to find which part is to be made next and within what time frame. Excellent technology and quality: Quality is given the utmost level of priority at Toyota. Their belief in building an environment of getting the right quality for the very first time and every time reinstates the quality level for which Toyota is known for. Every employee has the authority to halt the production whenever he spots an issue with the quality. The company widely uses robots for their mass production. The production facilities are designed in such a way that any alterations can be done to the existing production lines in a short period of time. The production line provides a choice between using humans or robots for low volume or mass production, depending upon the profitability of the production. Toyota takes only 27 hours to completely build a unit. Also, the company is among the few producing products with below than average problems per 100 units produced in the industry. Re-Engineering: The Company focuses a lot on designing the production facility. If in case, a product fails to attract the attention of potential customers in market, the company can easily adopt the strategy to revamp the product and present the failed product in completely altered way, using the same production line and facilities. This prevents the company to prevent the possibility of huge losses. Innovative Products: With the unstable global issues of increased fuel prices and environmental factors, the demand for alternative products is on the rise. Toyota has responded promptly by emphasizing on building hybrid engines. The company has provided the customers with an alternative option of commuting in style by an environmental friendly and economic mode of transportation. Generic Strategies: The Company follows following three generic strategies for its intensive growth in market. Market Penetration. The main intensive strategy followed by the company is market penetration. It is followed in order to increase the reach of the company and to attract more and more customers. This is done by providing different types of products to cater every segment of the customer. Product Development. The Company emphasizes on attracting customers by offering innovative products with new features, uniqueness, and advanced technology which differentiates the company from its competitors. Market Development. As the effect of globalization is increasing, so is the opportunity for various organizations to enter new markets. Toyota is also entering into new markets, catering to new segments, providing people with more and more options for their choices, and maximizing its global presence. Employee satisfaction: The Company improves the level of employee satisfaction by inviting employee participation, promoting group activities among the team members, providing regular training to the employees, promoting the policy of open communication between the engineering department and the execution staff. The employee participation helps in maintaining and improving the work methods so as to increase the reliability and productivity of the equipments, and thus reducing the operational and maintenance costs. This is ensured through quality circles, asking for the suggestions from employees, giving incentives. Operations Management The Business organizations have three basic functions: 1. Finance 2. Operations 3. Marketing OM is defined as that functional part of organization which is responsible for the transformation of factors of production (such as land, labor, capital, etc) into the offerings for the customer after their processing (transformation). The better is the operation function, better are the offerings of the organization. Better the offerings, more is the customer satisfaction. More the customer is satisfied, it will generate more revenue. And, in turn, better is the economic position of the nation and competitive position with reference to the other nations. Matching supply with the changing demand is one of the most important functions of the organization. OM can be defined as from different perspectives: one in relation with its role and consolidated inputs to the organization; another focusing on the day-to-day activities that fall in the purview of its area of responsibilities. The operations management system of Toyota is flexible and responsive enough to adapt to the conditions of demand. The operation functions can be divided into three broad categories: Strategic Decisions (which are of distant or long range) Tactical Decisions (which are medium range in nature) Operational Planning and Control (generally related to day to day operations and are short-range) The essence of operation function is Value addition to the inputs during their transformation into the final offering. The value addition can also be described as the difference between the costs of inputs and the price of the offering. Following are the important functions of Operations Management: Forecasting the demand The need for kinds of vehicles in the recent future, changes in the taste and preference of the customer. Change in future demand of the product due to the change in the political, economic, demographical, technical, and geographical factors of the target market. Taking into account the effect of positioning with respect to the competitors product, level of technology expected and anticipated by the customer. 1. Capacity Planning. It is very important for the organization to exactly find out the number of vehicles of the models demanded in the different markets. And, planning the capacity of assembly lines in the plant so that the organization is able to match the products demanded with the right amount of supply. 2. Controlling deviations. The deviation from the set standard are controlled through: JIDOKA: Under this, any deviation from value addition is termed as a waste. JIT: Under this, any deviation from true production needs is referred as waste. 1. Monitoring and controlling the costs and productivity. 2.Supply Chain Management. 3. Location planning, scheduling, inventory management and quality control. With the changing economic conditions and competitive strategies of the competitors, the business organizations have started emphasizing on: 1. Operations strategy 2. Optimizing the use of resources 3. Managing the revenue 4. Analysis and improvement in process and quality 5. Proactive in responding to change 6. Lean production The operations management helps in making informed decisions. It helps in establishing a relationship between the objectives and the actions to be taken in an organization, in light of the resources available. As the decision involves many different possible outcomes, a critical evaluation of all the alternatives is very important. Following are the factors affecting the decisions: 1. What? What are the resources that would be needed and in what quantity? 2. When? When would be requirement of each resource will arise? When should the organization schedule the work? When should company order for materials and other supplies? When is the need of corrective action? 3. Where? Where should the company start to work? 4. Who? Who will be assigned the responsibility of accomplishing work? 5. How? How will be the design of product/service? How the resources will be allocated? Features of Toyotas Operations Management Practices 5S (seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu, and shitsuke) 1. Sort Sort- Restoring only those items which are of use for value-addition, and disposing off those which dont add value. 2. Straighten (Order) 3. Shine (Cleanliness) - Often refer as the inspection of the procedures to detect any possibility of failures or deviations from the quality standards. 4. Standardize-Developing systems and tools for maintaining and controlling the laid down procedure. 5. Sustain- Continuous improvement Following are few of the major issues faced by the todays business operations across the world: 1. Economic conditions: Many economies are still in the recovery phase of the recession. The investors are skeptical about investing in those economies, also, the management is unable to decide whether to rehire those workers, who were laid off during recession, or not. 2. Quality issues: Many operational dysfunctions related to product design, testing, vendor oversight, risk assessment, and timely responding to the potential problems. 3. Risk involved: Many of the unforeseen or underscored risks needs to be taken into consideration and should be addressed as and when they arise. This is advisable so as to minimize the potential damage that these can cause to the organization (market value, demand, brand image, etc). 4. Innovation: With the ever changing demands and scarcity of resources, the organizations should focus on new and improved produce design. This step will eventually add value to the organization. 5. Global competition: The low-cost labor from the third world countries is increasing the pressure on the organizations to reduce down the labor cost. The factors such as productivity improvement methods, low wage areas, internally reducing the cost, changes and improvement in the product designs should be taken into consideration before outsourcing the operations. Issues experienced by Toyota By the end of the first revolution, manufacturing industry witnessed the rise in the trend of product variety. This made the firms to reconstruct their supply chain management. This arise the need to handle the manufacturing of wider range of products without holding too much inventory. While entering the second revolution, Toyota successfully addressed this issue with by following the principle of lean production system. The Toyota Motors decided to do in-house manufacturing of key components and their final assemble. The components in bulk were sourced from the large number of suppliers of Toyota who were also the part of the Keiretsu system, which is a set of companies having interlocked relationship of business and shareholdings. These suppliers were not only had long-term relationship with the company but were all closely located to the manufacturing plant of the company. Similarly, during the market slowdown of 2008, most of the manufacturing firms were made to lay off their employees to survive it. Unlike its competitors, Toyota did not lay off any of its permanent employees and instead reduced the working hours, hence, the pay cuts. It also reduced its breakeven point of its plants from 80% of capacity to 70%. Another fight that Toyota has taken is competing with the market of China. After reaching the record of annual sale of 10 million units, Toyota was challenged with the problem of quality management and parts electrification. With the increase in more designs, the number of parts also increased and a program called TNGA (Toyota New Global Architecture) was developed. It aimed at standardization of the parts while addressing the issues of cost cutting, quality assurance, and improved marketing. Process Map Figure 1: Process Map Source: Create by Author References Anon., n.d. HomePage. [Online] Available at: https://www.toyota-global.com/company/profile/ [Accessed 27 6 2016]. Hino, S., 2005. Inside the Mind of Toyota: Management Principles for Enduring Growth. s.l.:CRC Press. Iyer, 2009. Toyota: Supply Chain Mgmt. s.l.:Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Liker, 2005. The Toyota Way Fieldbook. s.l.:Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Shah, J., 2009. Supply Chain Management: Text and Cases. s.l.:Pearson Education India.